TCL Task Centered Instruction (1)

(for japanese version, please press here)

these texts are excerpts from this book, which I have highlighted, and inserted comments in order for myself to understand it further. 

https://www.amazon.co.jp/Instructional-Design-Theories-Models-Learner-Centered-Education/dp/1138012939

TCI is a task-centered approach to learning that prescribes the use of five main elements (Merrill, 2002b, 2009): learning tasks, activation, demonstration/ modeling, application, and integration/exploration (Francom & Gardner, 2014). 

TCI goals tend to value application and transfer of knowledge to realistic contexts as well as effective and efficient learning (Francom & Gardner, 2013). 

By contrast, problem-based learning goals tend to be more concerned with developing flexible knowledge, deep understanding, problem solving skills, self-directed learning skills, effective collaboration, and self-directed motivation (Barrows, 1996; Jonassen, 2000). 

TCI adds on several important prescriptions for learning that are not necessarily present in “pure” problem-based learning, including scaffolding (Masters & Yelland, 2002) that is faded out over time (Francom & Gardner, 2013) to help with task performance. 

there were increasing debates about new learning methods like the PBL, that the learning speed and content coverage is relatively slow. (Reigeluth, 2012; Spector, 2004)

this called for developtment of TCI.

In summary, TCI is a learning technique that is similar to that of PBL, that aims to overcome the shortcomings (unstable outcomes depending on the student, inefficiency of reaching target skill acquisition) by providing prompts and hints along the way. 

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my comments so far - I am quite familiar with the idea of PBL, and fairly comfortable with the notion that PBL isn't the most cost-effective or consistent of the learning methods. 
as students, we were always nervous when we imagined our peers in different groups having more high-profile facilitators and therefore better hands-on teaching (mistakenly so), also we were anxious to know that our peers learnt different things, according to where the discussion went. 

I still don't have a very clear understanding of TCI and its methodology. I shall continue reading. 

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